During the 16th-20th of June, 1999, it was celebrated the First General Meeting of the European Network on Wildlife as Reservoirs of Pathogens including Zoonoses(FAIR6 CT98-4361) at El Escorial (Spain).

The partners of the Network attending the Meeting were:

·F. de Veterinaria de Madrid (Spain)

·S. of Veterinary Medicine of Utrecht (The Netherlands)

·F. de Médecine Vétérinaire (Belgium)

·Moredun Research Institute (UK)

·F. of Veterinary Medicine (Greece)

·The National Veterinary Institute (Sweden)

·Centro de Recuperación de Fauna Silvestre del Acebuche (Spain)

·AFSSA-Alfort / AFSSA-Nancy (France)

·Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (Spain)

·Institute for Zoo Biology and Wildlife Research (Germany)

·Central Veterinary Laboratory (UK)

·National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (The Netherlands)

·Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Vet. Med. (Germany)

·Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Vétérinaires et Agrochimiques (Belgium)

The introduction was in charge ofDr. Briones, who explained the main objectives. the contents of the technical annex and the origin of the Network idea/conception. 

The basic objective is to set up a relationship among centres within the EU devoted to the research anddiagnosis of wildlife diseases and their implications for human and animal health.

Later on, he also explained the main tasks of the proposal: 

·The european wildlife diseases catalogue.

·Epidemiological alert system / Disease data base system.

·The wildlife diseases laboratory system.

·Communication system.

·Co-operative research.

Finally, he thanked those participants who were going to act as moderators:Dr.Reid, Dr.Gough, Dr.Artois, Dr.Dorrestein and Dr.Goyache.

 After that, it took place the introduction of each representative by giving the others an overall idea of their respective current work:

Projects involving wildlife and exotic animals:

·“Treatment of Bumblefoot in Raptors”

·“Bacterial Diseases in Waterfowl”

- Partner 2: School of Veterinary Medicine of Utrecht (The Netherlands). Dr. G. Dorrestein explained their work at  the Department of Veterinary Pathology Section Pet Avian, Exotic Animlas and Wildlife with teaching facilities for the veterinary students and clinical cases from private practicioners, zoos and wildlife animals; their are also involved with legal cases and ecology management. The case load is 30% non-domestic mammals, 50-60% of avian and 15-20% of reptiles, amphibians and fish cases. Their main researches are on:

·“Pharmacokinetics of different Drugs in Sick Animals”

·“Chlamydiosis”

·“Iron storage disease”

·“Salmonella”.
 

- Partner 4: Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Valdeolmos (Spain). 

Dr. J. M. Sánchez Vizcaino Laboratory was conducting researches on domestic diseases (list A of OIE)and wild species:

·“African Swine Fever”

·“Recombination Vaccines for Wild Rabbits against Haemorragic Disease”

·“African Horse Sickness”

and environmental toxicology.

They acted as one of the main points of the Reference Centres. Dr. Sánchez Vizcaino gave an overview of the laboratory facilities, includinglevel 3 and 4 biosecurity laboratories.

- Partner 5: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Thesalonike (Greece). 

Dr. M. Papanastassopoulou, explained their activities at the Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department: 

·teaching

·diagnosis of bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic diseases of domestic animals

·research on:

·“West Nile Fever Virus in Wild Pigeons andStreptopelia spp.”

·“Encephalomyocarditis virus in rats”

·“Hantavirus in Wild and Domestic Rodents”

·“Rabbits Haemorragic Disease virus”

·“European Brown Hares Syndrome viruses”

·“Dypylidium caninumand Echinococcusgranulosus isolated from Foxes, Wolves, etc.”

·“Morbillivirus isolated from Dolphins” and so on.

- Partner 6: Department of Diseases Control and Biosecurity of the National Veterinary Institute in Uppsala (Sweden). Dr. Marianne Elvander explained their mission at the Department: the diagnostic and disease prevention with monitoring and continuous control of diseases from farms and wild animals.

With the collaboration of the Wildlife Department they conducted research on:

·“EPEC”

·“Salmonella Serotypes, Prevalence and Distribution in Sweden (cattles, pigs, poultry, small birds at houses, cats and men)”

·“Campylobacter (poultry, wild boars, eagles)”

·“Bats Rabies”.

- Partner 7:Centro de Recuperación de Fauna Silvestre del Acebuche. Doñana National Park (Spain). Dr. Celia Sánchez was working as a field veterinary of 50.000 Ha. with very different ecosystems. They planned the work with wild diseases in four categories:

·“Health Monitoring of Sentinel Species (actually working on Bovine Tuberculosis)”

·“Health Monitoring of Endangered Species (actually working on iberian lynx Tuberculosis and Salmonellosis of imperial eagle)”

·the “Sanitary Warning System (analysis of any dead or sick animal found in the National Park)” and 

·“Captive Wild Animals (health of the animals at captive breeding programs)”.

- Partner 8: Wildlife Health and Management. AFSSA (France). Dr. Marc Artois summarized the management ofthe SAGIR network. They collaborated with their Agriculture Ministry and with wildlife veterinarian specialists. The SAGIR network works like an Alert System of Wildlife trying to integrate on it all the new knowledge concerning wildlife. They are researching on:

·“Rabies”

·“Acute intoxication on aquatic birds”

·“Haemmorragic Fever”

·“Mortality in deers”

- Partner 9: Moredun Research Institute. Edinburgh (UK). Dr.H. Reid explained the big interest on wildlife diseases in Scotland. Their areas of researches included a group concerned about “Mycobacterium Infection in Wildlife (avian and Paratuberculosis prevalence in wild deers, rabbits, foxes, so on)”; they also had a Pathology Group involved in wildlife, particularly in marine mammals which are systematically sampling at rescue stations.

In virology they are researching on:

·“Parapoxvirus of squirrels, seals and deer”

·“Herpesvirus infections”.

In parasitology their main interests are on:

·“Neospora caninum in cattles and wild carnivores”

·“Criptosporidium program”.

- Partner 10: Zoo Biology and Wildlife Research Institute (IZW). Berlín (Germany). The research group wildlife diseases at the IZW, head Dr.K. Froelich, is working on zoo- and wildlife pathology with a routine diagnostic. Research emphasis is put on the following topics:

·“Balanopostitis in European bison”

·“Chlamydial infections in ungulates”

·“Helicobacter in wild carnivores”

·“Canine distemper in wild carnivores”

·“Kidney diseases in wild cats”;

·“Newcastle diseases, Herpesvirus infections (FHV, OHV) and Chlamydiosis in wild birds”

·“Thyreopathies in wild cats”

·“Lyme borreliosis in wild ungulates and carnivores”

·“Heavy metal and pesticides in wild birds”

·“Avian parasites”

·“Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) in wild ruminants” 

·“EBHS in hares as well as general health monitoring in European brown hares”

·“Alpha-herpesviruses in deer”

·“Equine herpesviruses in wild equids”

- Partner 11: Virology Department at the Centre Veterinary Laboratory, Addlestone, Surrey, (UK). Dr. R. Gough gave an overview about what it called the Veterinary Laboratory Agency (or the CVL); their mayor researches on wildlife diseases are: 

·“Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis”

·“Tuberculosis”

·“Food zoonoses”

·“Rabies”

·“Salmonella”

·“Campylobacter”

·“Classic Swine Fever”, ...

Inside of the Avian Virology Diagnostic Unit, they researched on: 

·“Avian Influenza in Migratory Waterfowl”

·“Newcastle Disease”

·“Duck Viral Enteritis”

·“Poxvirus infections”

- Partner 12:Microbiology Laboratory for Health Protection. National Institute of Public Health and Environmental. Bilthoven (The Netherlands). Dr. J. Van der Giessen Institute sections were:

·Vaccines production and development

·Public health researches

·Biomedical and chemical laboratories

·Environmental researches

At Public health researches, they were working on infectious diseases and epidemiology and their main objective is to determinate and quantify the risks for human microbiology pathogens from animals, water, food and environment.

They studied zoonotic diseases mainly in:

·“Microbiological food safety”

·“Transmission routes on parasitic zoonoses: Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Cyclospora, Toxocara”

·“Viral zoonoses”

·“Bacterial zoonoses: they were the Reference Centre for Salmonella”

·“Reference Centre for Trichinella” and “Sentinel Laboratory for Echinococcusmultilocularis”

·Gastrointestinal pathogens: “risk of Salmonella infections”

·“Public water health”

·“Rabies in Bats”

·“TBE”

·“Trichinella in Wildlife (foxes and boars)”

·“E.multilocularis as an Emerging Disease”

- Partner 13: Federal Institute for Health Protection and Consumers and Veterinary Medicine. Berlin (Germany).Dr.A. Kaesbohrer Institute main sections were:

·Bacterial Epizootic and Zoonoses Control Division working on diagnosis techniques and molecular biology, and 

·The Diagnosis and Epidemiology Section working as an European Community Reference Laboratory and Epidemiologic Zoonoses in which they were researching on diagnosis of:

·Tuberculosis

·Rabies

·Brucella

·Trichinella

·Salmonella

control measures of:

·Campylobacter

·Echinococcus

·Listeria

·Rabies

·Toxoplasma

·Yersiniosis

·E.coli infections

They studied wildlife as source of contamination of food, livestock or men, and as reservoirs of “Tuberculosis (Bovine Tuberculosis)”, “Brucella (cattles, sheeps, goats and suids Brucellosis)”, “Trichinella situation in Europe”, “Rabies cases in Europe (wildlife and domestic animals)”,...

- Partner 16: Centre d’Etude et Recherches Vétérinaries et Agrochimiques.Brusells (Belgium) Dr. J. Gofroid and Dr. F. Koenen wildlife researched projects were:

·“Molecular Characterization and Epidemiology of the EMCV as a model of an Emerging Disease, Pathology and Economical Implications”

·“Diagnostic and researches ofClassic Swine Fever”

* TASK 1: EUROPEAN CATALOGUE OF WILDLIFE 

Moderators: Dr. Gough & Dr.Reid

Create/Establish a list as the result of a preliminary survey among potential participants in an European Network on Wildlife as Reservoirs of Pathogens including Zoonoses. It could be used as a previous document for the set up an European Catalogue of Transmissible Diseases of Wildlife putting the emphasis on zoonoses and on livestock plus wildlife diseases.

The criteria for a disease to be included in such catalogue were established after a discussion among the participants reaching a final agreement on the following points.

Diseases to be included:

1.- Diseases listed by OIE (A, B and wildlife diseases).

2.- Zoonotic diseases.

3.- Diseases affecting wildlife conservation.

4.- Diseases in which wildlife may act as reservoirs.

Avian diseases:

* Bacterial and Fungal diseases: 

SalmonellosisPasteurellosisTuberculosisYersiniosis

CrytococcosisChlamydiosisMycoplasmosisAspergillosis

CandidiasisBotulism type CBotulism type ECampylobacteriosis

EHEC (E.coli 157 verotoxin) infections

In charge of Dr. Dorrestein.

* Viral diseases:

InfluenzaNewcastle DiseaseOther Paramyxovirus infections

Marek DiseaseAvian PoxViral enteritis and hepatitis

AdenovirusesTick-borne encephalitis(Duck virus hepatitis....)

Raptor Herpesvirus

In charge of Dr. Gough.

* Parasitic diseases: 

HistomonosisTrichomoniosisCrytosporidiosis

CoccidiosisCapillariasisTrematodosis, 

Haemoparasites,... 

In charge of Dr. Krone.

Rodents and Lagomorphs diseases:

* Bacterial and Fungal diseases: 

BrucellosisSalmonellosisTularaemiaPasterellosis 

TuberculosisLeptospirosisLyme diseaseEPEC E.coli 

YersiniosisCampylobacteriosisParatuberculosisEhrlichiosis 

Murine TyphusDermatomycosisHaemobartonellosis 

In charge of Dr. Elvander (Dr.T. Morner).

* Viral diseases:

RabiesHantavirusRabbit Haemorrhage Disease

MyxomatosisCowpoxEuropean Brown Hare Syndrome

Squirrel parapoxvirus TBEEMCV (encefalomiocarditis)

Borna disease. 

In charge of Dr. Artois.

* Parasitic diseases:

TrichinellosisLeishmaniosisSchistosomosis

GiardiosisAcariosisTicks

CoccidiosisEchinococosis multilocularis as intermediate host 

Cisticercosis 

Ruminants and Suids diseases :

* Bacterial and Fungal diseases:

BrucellosisTuberculosisParatuberculosis

LeptospirosisSalmonellosisLyme disease

AnthraxClostridial diseasesQ Fever

Farming deer enterotoxaemiasListeriosis

PasteurellosisEHECChlamydiosis

Infections by Moraxella sp.Ehrlichiosis

DermatomycosisErisipelothrix infectionMycoplasmosis

In charge of Dr. Briones

* Viral diseases: 

InfluenzaRabiesFoot and Mouth disease 

OrfViral fibroma of cervidsSwine vesicular disease 

Classical and African Swine FeversViral respiratory diseases 

Bovine Viral DiarrhoeaAujeszky diseaseAlphaherpesviruses

Bovine Inmunodeficiency virus

In charge of Dr. Frölich

* Parasitic diseases: 

EchinococcosisTrichinelosisAscaridiosis

MangeHaemonchusHypoderma in deer

ToxoplasmosisTicks

In charge of Dr. Van der Giessen.

Carnivores diseases (included fur seals, viverrids, mustelids):

* Bacterial and fungal diseases:

TuberculosisBrucellosisSalmonellosis

LeptospirosisDermatomycosisMycobacterium

Aleutian diseaseBartonellosis

In charge of Dr. Van der Giessen

* Viral diseases:

Canine contagious hepatitisRabiesParvovirosis

DistemperFeline leukaemiaFIP

Feline panleucopaeniaFeline inmunodefiency 

In charge of Dr. Artois

* Parasitic diseases:

EchinococcosisTrichinellosisToxoplasma

NeosporaMangeDirofilaria

LeishmaniaBasylascarysToxocara infections 

In charge of Dr. Van de Giessen.

Reptiles and Amphibian diseases: 

* Bacterial and fungal diseases:

Salmonellosis

Aeromonosis

Mycobacterium.

* Viral diseases: herpesvirosis, other viruses

In charge of Dr. Dorrestein.

Diseases of other zoological groups: 

Cetacean and Pinnipeds:

Zoonoses: Brucellosis, Salmonellosis, Erisipelothrix,...

Viral: Parapoxvirus infections, Morbillivirus, Herpesvirus

 Chiroptera

Zoonoses: Salmonellosis, Leptospirosis, Dermatomycosis, Tularaemia, Mycobacteria, Foot and mouth disease

Transmissible to domestic animals: Coccidiosis, Crytosporidiosis...

Virus: Lyssavirus

During the second day (18^th of June, 1999) we were discussed the tasks 2, 3 and 4. As task 2 & 4 had a close relation they were developed together by Dr. Artois and task 3 were moderated by Dr. Dorrestein and Dr.Briones.

* TASK 2 & 4: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ALERT & DISEASES DATA SYSTEMS & COMMUNICATE SYSTEMS.

Moderator: Dr. Artois

Dr. Artois made an introduction about the development of an Alert & Data Base Diseases System in Europe. He pointed the idea of “fighting” for the maintenance of the human healthby “avoiding” the most veterinary & economical important diseases, with the possible threat for conservation. The way of working is by detection, information and action.

He also explained how to know the survival of the wild animal diseases in Europe: “There are a lot ofpeople in Europe working on wildlife diseases that can provide a lot of information about wildlife diseases in Europe: Zoo veterinary associations, GEEFSM, WDA, FACE. WHO, Central Veterinary Officer, OIE working groups of wildlife diseases”....

The sampling is very important too for knowing the prevalence of one specific disease. There are several ways of collecting samples: there is the "Ad hoc" sampling, the planned sampling, the samples from dead carcasses and the samples from blood and tissue samples of living animals.

The sample is the first source of collecting information, and must be joined to a reporting data base system that included the most amount of information we can obtain about the sample: 

·species

·number of animal

·body condition

·conservation,...;

about the pathological factors related with the mortality cause:

·suspicion

·pathogens isolated

·methods of determination

·necropsy

·prevalence of any microbe

·parasites

·radioactivity,...;

and about the different organs what had changed, histological examination, scan pictures,...

The diagnostic expertise must be in charge of veterinarians, veterinary pathology laboratories, institutes & miscellaneous institutions, references laboratories national or international specific for one or two diseases and collaborating centres.

Dr. Artois also pointed that the most relevant for the Wildlife Network proposed are the reports (“tomake it useful for others people”): the annual EWDA report to the OIE is the most useful one, with its recommendations for the wildlife (collect information about Europe, list A and B diseases, mortality, aetiology of wildlife diseases, vaccinations of wildlife population, treatments, list of pathogens of wildlife diseases,...); the proceedings of wildlife scientific meetings, the special reports (Rabies reports), the scientific papers and the bulletin as the Journal of Wildlife Disease, Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine and BIPAS, are important too.

The Alert System will permit to give information to people about diseases, as Rabies or Classic Swine Fever, Brucellosis, Tuberculosis, Aujezsky, Newcastle,..., that can involve others countries of the EU.

Another problem is that some diseases notified to the OIE (list A and B) can block the exchange of animal productions between the EU frontiers. This is one of the reasons that cause the Veterinary Officers did not consider diseases from wildlife. It was proposed that these wildlife informs should not have to affect the exchange of animals since the farming animals were not affected by the disease and then, it will provide information about the kind of problems that can appear and allow us to prepare a preventive program.

Recommendation from the Wildlife Network are to gather data from wildlife diseases to the Standing Veterinary Committee and setting a system of information on wildlife diseases as they have the competence on all animal health and also in wildlife. They can, then, decide if a wildlife disease is dangerous for all the animal population, just for the livestock or just for wildlife, and then they can, also, decide to stop or not the animal export or import .

Finally. Dr. Artois proposed a workshop about the reporting system (about the diseases of the Wildlife Diseases Catalogue) at May of 2000 because there are no european report about wildlife disease at the moment.He also put forward the idea of identify the “reporting person or institution” from each european country which participate in the network (person in charge of collecting the information) for knowing who reproach this kind of information to the OIE; to get a person for “Notified diseases” and another for “Zoonotic diseases” (Dr. Kässbohrer was proposed).

He also proposed to study the reports from the last 5 or 10 years to the May Workshop to get a first idea of what is going on.

* TASK 3: WILDLIFE DISEASES LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICS SYSTEM. Moderators: Dr. Dorrestein & Dr. Briones

One of the proposal of this TASK was the identification of the wildlife disease diagnosis laboratories. The idea was to establish a relationship among the different laboratories with various specialities, the exchange of information about the research or diagnostic activities, the adoption of standard procedures, protocols and tests and the exchange of information, materials or personnel.

To elaborate a Catalogue of Laboratories and Techniques dedicated to wildlife diseases with the exchange of techniques and protocols for the evaluation and the establishment of standard procedures was also proposed. It was said the importance of knowing:

·the techniques that are being used elsewhere

·the pathogens they are working with

·if they have any specialised, biosecurity or/and animal housing facilities

·if they are Reference Laboratories

·and the kind of sample they work with and the cost of the analysis.

Another point of the TASK was to establish a relationship among the Research and Diagnostic Centres with Conservation Institutions:

1.- To develop a connection between the Research Laboratories working on new diagnostic test, vaccines and therapeutics with other Centres (as National Parks, Zoos, Rehabilitation Centres,...) and to connect the different laboratories with theirspecialities making easy the exchange of information, the researches or the diagnostic activities for the adoption ofstandard procedures, protocols and test. 

2.- From National Parks, Protected Areas and Animal Parks is important to know if they have veterinary services, captive reproduction programs, in house diagnostics of any disease and any kind of facilities.

3.- About Rehabilitation Centres, to know if they have any endangered species, captive reproduction programs, health monitoring programs, in house diagnostics and veterinary services. 

It was said the importance of selecting, at the beginning, the rehabilitation centres to include in the Network because of the great difference between them. The relationship with these centres (officials and privates) was difficult so at the beginning the wildlife network will be happy to receive information from the rehabilitation centre that have a relation with official institutions.

4.- In Wildlife Parks (Animal Parks, Games Parks and Zoos) is important to know if they have any endangered species. Zoo are out at least they had information about wildlife because they do not used to have a collection of european wildlife on them (just African wildlife). The Games Parks must be out too because they have to be consider as animal production farms, but if they have any relation with Institutions they will be consider to put them on the list.

5.- Other Institutions to be consider as: museums (not to be considered specifically, just if they have any research in wildlife diseases), biotechnology centres (laboratories which are developing new vaccines or diagnostic techniques that can be used for other laboratories or for vaccination of wildlife populations), hunting organizations (that can provide important information about wildlife in hunting areas) and Veterinary Schools (which work on wildlife animals).

People responsible of collecting these information are Dr. Briones and Dr. Goyache who will gather the information in Madrid.

Another proposal of this TASK was to include in the Laboratories Catalogue other centres related with wildlife and to identify which centres were working in wildlife in Europe, including the Central Veterinary Officer, Reference laboratories, hunting centres, local associations or veterinary associations.

These institutions must collect information that can be put in a data base, indicating:

·the kind of animal species are working with (any endangered)

·if they have captive reproduction programs

·health monitoring programs

·if they make any in house diagnostics, facilities (housing, surgery,...), veterinary services,...

* TASK 5: COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROJECTS FOCUSED.

Moderator: Dr. Goyache

Dr. Goyache made an introduction about the situation of the Internet Wildlife Network World: the Internet Wildlife Network will allow to open out a communication system between the partners.

The information exchange that we can do with the electronic tools is quicker and more effective than by other ways. We can follow up all these information in real time and it is an easy and cheap way to archive and integrate all the professional and not professional people working on wildlife.

The main problem is to know which information is necessary for the Network. 

Another problem is that several institutions have already a Website: the European Wildlife Disease Association had a Web site with links that permitted to surf to other web sites. The European Section of the Wildlife Diseases Association is planning a Web page with information about wildlife; the OIE had a Main page with sub-pages; and the National Wildlife Health Centre had one too (they had partnerships, an electronic mailing list for professionals on wildlife and links).

What does the European Network for Wildlife Diseases wantto get from its Network Web Site?:

A Welcome page in a first step, including:

• General information about wildlife, wildlife diseases and people working on them.
• General information about the wildlife network, with:

• Useful information for people out of the network but working on wildlife, 
• Research projects on wildlife
• The Catalogue of EU Wildlife Diseases

·General disease background

• News & meeting site with the workshops of the network.

The discussion list will include the partners of the Wildlife Network and some guests will be ask to joint it. This will permit a free discussion between the partners without intrusion of people not involved on it.

The Mailing System about wildlife health, with a restricted discussion list will be create as well as another mailing listfor administration proposed and 

a Web Site Alert System, including:

• The disease
• The animal species
• Where it was found
• The number of animals
• The diagnostic technique,...

 

PARTICIPANTS	ADDRESS
Artois, M.	AFSSA Nancy BP 9 54220 Malzèville (France) Phone: 03 83 298950 Fax.: 03 83 298959 Email: marc.artois@nancy.afssa.fr
Aznarte, P.	Laboratorio de Diagnóstico Microbiológico de Animales Salvajes y Exóticos. Dpto. de Sanidad Animal Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Spain Phone: +34 91 3943910 Fax.: +34 91 3943908 Email: pilarazn@eucmos.sim.com.es
Blanco, M.	Laboratorio de Diagnóstico Microbiológico de Animales Salvajes y Exóticos. Dpto. de Sanidad Animal Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Spain  Phone: +34 91 3943718 Fax.: +34 91 3943908 Email: mblanco@eucmax.sim.ucm.es
Briones, V.	Laboratorio de Diagnóstico Microbiológico de Animales Salvajes y Exóticos. Dpto. de Sanidad Animal Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Spain Phone: +34 91 3943910 Fax.: +34 91 3943908 Email: vbriones@eucmax.sim.com.es
China, B.	Université de Liège Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire Laboratoire de Bactériologie Sart Tilman B43a B-4000 Liège (Belgique) Phone: 32 4 366 4052 Fax.: 32 4 366 4056 Email: bchina@ulg.ac.be
Colas, J.	GREFA Apdo. 11 Majadahonda 28220 (Madrid) Spain Phone: +34 91 6387550 Fax.: +34 91 6387411 Email: tatu@quercus.es
Dorrestein, G.M.	Dpt. Vet. Pathology Section Pet Avian, Exotic Animals and Wildlife Utrecht University, Yalelaan1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands Phone: 0031 30 253 4357 Fax: 0031 30 253 3131 Email: G.M.Dorrestein@pobox.accu.uu.nl
Elvander, M.	National Veterinary Institute SVA, PO Box 7073 S-75007 Uppsala (Sweden) Phone: +46 18 674000 Fax: +46 18 674445 Email: marianne.elvander@sva.se
Fernández, E.	Laboratorio de Diagnóstico Microbiológico de Animales Salvajes y Exóticos. Dpto. de Sanidad Animal Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Spain Phone: +34 91 3943719 Fax.: +34 91 3943908 Email: efrieba@eucmax.sim.ucm.es
Frölich, K.	Institute for Zoo Biology and Wildlife Research (IZW) Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17 10315 Berlin (Germany) Phone: +49 30 5168728 +49 172 9001490 Fax.: +49 30 5126104 Email: froelich@izw-berlin.de
Galka, M.	Parque Natural de Doñana c/ Santiago, 3 Almonte 21730 (Huelva) Spain Phone: +34 959 450159 Fax: +34 959 450471 Email: pv2emgal@uco.es pn.donana@cma.junta-andalucia.es
García Sánchez, A.	Patología Infecciosa F. de Veterinaria, U.Ex. Avda. de la Universidad s/n Cáceres-10071 (Spain) Phone: +34 927 257128 Fax.: +34 927 257110 Email: afrgcia@unex.es
Godfroid, J.	Centre d’Etude et de Recherches Vétérinaires et Agrochimiques 99, Groeselenberg B-1180 Brussels (Uccle) Belgium Phone: +32 2 375 4455 Fax.: +32 2 375 0979 Email: jagod@var.fgov.be
Gough, R.	Dpt. Of Avian Virology Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL) KT 15 3NB (Weybridge) Surrey, UK Phone: +44 1932 357349 Fax.: +44 1932 357856 Email: avian.virology@maff.gov.uk
Goyache, J.	Laboratorio de Diagnóstico Microbiológico de Animales Salvajes y Exóticos. Dpto. de Sanidad Animal Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Spain Phone: +34 91 3943795 Fax.: +34 91 3943908 Email: jgoyache@eucmax.sim.ucm.es
Heras, A. Las	Laboratorio de Diagnóstico Microbiológico de Animales Salvajes y Exóticos. Dpto. de Sanidad Animal Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Spain Phone: +34 91 3943719 Fax.: +34 91 3943908 Email: herasrio@eucmax.sim.ucm.es
Hermoso, M.	Patología Infecciosa F. de Veterinaria, U.Ex. Avda. de la Universidad s/n Campus Universitario Cáceres-10071 (Spain) Phone: +34 927 257129 Fax.: +34 927 257110 Email: mhermoso@tajo.unex.es
Hotzel, H.	BGVV FG 425 Naumburger Str. 96 A D-07743 Yena (Germany) Phone: +49 3641 804356 Fax.: +49 3641 804 283 Email: h.hotzel@bgvv.de
Kaesbohrer, A.M.	Community Reference Laboratory for Epidemiology of Zoonoses (BGVV) Diedersdorferloeg 1 12277 Berlin (Germany) Phone: +49 30 8412 2223 Fax.: +49 30 8412 2952 Email: a.kaesbohrer@bgvv.de
Koenen, F.	Department of Virology Section of Epizootic Diseases CODA-CERVA Groeselenberg 99 B-1180 Ukkel (Belgique) Phone: 32 2 375 4455 Fax.: 32 2 375 0379 Email: Frank.Koenen@var.fgov.be
Krone, O.	Institute for Zoo Biology and Wildlife Research (IZW) Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17 10315 Berlin (Germany) Phone: +49 30 5168405 Fax.: +49 30 5126104 Email: krone@izw-berlin.de
Papanastassopoulou, M.	Laboratory of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 54006 Thessaloniki. Greece Phone: +30 31 999951 Fax.: +30 31 999959 Email: orestisp@vet.auth.gr
Reid, H.W.	Head of Virology Division Moredum Research Institute Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh EH26 OPZ Scotland (UK) Phone: +44 (0) 131 445 5111 Fax: +44 (0) 131 445 6111 Email: reidh@mri.sari.ac.uk
Sánchez Vizcaíno, J.M.	Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA) 28130 Valdeolmos (Madrid) Spain
Sánchez, C.	Parque Nacional de Doñana. Matalascañas. Huelva. Spain Phone:+34 959 448711/ 640  /133 +34 959 506170 Fax.:+34 959 448576 Email: ppereira@arrakis.es Pndonana@mx3.redestb.es
Tellez, S.	Laboratorio de Diagnóstico Microbiológico de Animales Salvajes y Exóticos. Dpto. de Sanidad Animal Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Spain Phone: +34 91 3943795 Fax.: +34 91 3943908
Van der Giessen, J.	Community Reference Laboratory for Salmonella (RIVM) Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection Institute of Public Health and the Environment P.O.Box 1 3720 BA, Bilthoven The Netherlands Phone.: +31 30 2743926 Fax.: +31 30 2744434 Email: Joke.van.der.Giessen@rivm.nl